The word
“Revolution” beckons thoughts of bloodshed, popular uprising, violence, and the
ultimate need for change.
A peaceful
and bloodless revolution is sometimes considered an ideal, albeit unreachable,
possibility. It was 38 years ago in Portugal that it became a reality.
The story
starts in early XX Century when the old ways of monarchy were abandoned in
favor of a republic. A coup d’état saw this end not much longer, and Portugal
joined many other European nations in the ways of dictatorship and fascism. It
was called the “New State” and it imposed itself using the usual fascist
weapons of censorship, military enforced strict laws, a secret police dealing
with “undesirables”, and rigged elections.
As a part of NATO this regime was only tolerated because it was opposed
to communism (as most other dictatorships at the time, in Germany and Italy for
example). The strict control over
economy and expenditure meant at first the country was growing and benefiting
from the creation of companies and conglomerates, as well as by the imports of
the overseas colonies, like Angola and Mozambique. There had always been a good
relationship between the ‘mainland’ and the colonies. However by the 60s, both blocks of the cold
war wanted to gain favor within these territories. Guerrillas funded by the US
and Russia started battling local control with the colonists, which started wars
in almost all the territories, stretching Portugal’s military thin and demanded
an increase on the budget. Conscription for these wars forced many young men to
flee the country. In later stages, a plan was to be introduced where
conscripted officers would attain the same rank as those who formed in a proper
military academy, after some service overseas. This pissed off the high rank of
the military, which in a military dictatorship, was not good news to the
regime.